Q1: Which of the following medications is used for the treatment of hypothyroidism?
Liothyronine is a medication used for the treatment of hypothyroidism. It is a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) and is used to replace the hormone in patients with low thyroid function. Methimazole and propylthiouracil are used to treat hyperthyroidism, and primidone is used to treat seizures.
Q2: Antibiotics can reduce the effectiveness of which of the following classes of medications?
Antibiotics can reduce the effectiveness of oral contraceptives. Some antibiotics can interfere with the metabolism of the hormones in oral contraceptives, potentially leading to decreased contraceptive efficacy and an increased risk of unintended pregnancy.
Q3: Glyburide is a member of which hypoglycemic medication class?
Glyburide is a member of the sulfonylurea class of hypoglycemic medications. Sulfonylureas work by increasing insulin secretion from the pancreas, which helps to lower blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Q4: Tadalafil is the generic name for which erectile dysfunction drug?
Tadalafil is the generic name for the erectile dysfunction drug Cialis.
Q5: Dairy products can affect the absorption of which of the following antibiotics?
Dairy products can affect the absorption of tetracycline. Calcium in dairy products can bind to tetracycline in the stomach and intestines, reducing its absorption and effectiveness.
Q6: Tamiflu, Relenza, and Rapivab belong to which pharmacologic category?
Tamiflu (oseltamivir), Relenza (zanamivir), and Rapivab (peramivir) belong to the antiviral pharmacologic category. They are used to treat and prevent influenza.
Q7: All but which of the following medications is used for the treatment of angina?
Montelukast is not used for the treatment of angina; it is used for the treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis. Nitroglycerin, isosorbide mononitrate, and isosorbide dinitrate are all medications used for the treatment of angina.
Q8: Which of the following medications is classified as an antiviral?
Acyclovir is classified as an antiviral medication. It is used to treat viral infections such as herpes simplex, shingles (herpes zoster), and chickenpox (varicella). Fluconazole and nystatin are antifungal medications, while moxifloxacin is an antibiotic.
Q9: Memantine is the generic name for which of the following medications?
Memantine is the generic name for Namenda, which is a medication used to treat moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease.
Q10: All but which of the following medications is classified as an NSAID?
Acetaminophen is not classified as an NSAID (Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug). It is an analgesic and antipyretic used to relieve pain and reduce fever. Naproxen, ibuprofen, and aspirin are all NSAIDs used to reduce inflammation, pain, and fever.
Q11: A drug with the suffix “-pril” belongs to which class of medications?
Drugs with the suffix "-pril" belong to the class of medications known as ACE inhibitors (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitors). ACE inhibitors are commonly used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure), heart failure, and certain kidney conditions by blocking the action of the angiotensin-converting enzyme, thereby reducing the production of angiotensin II, a substance that narrows blood vessels.
Q12: Tamoxifen is a hormone agent used for the prevention and treatment of which of the following types of cancer?
Tamoxifen is a hormone agent used for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. It works by blocking estrogen receptors in breast tissue, which helps to prevent the growth of estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells.
Q13: Which of the following vitamins is water soluble?
Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin. Vitamins A, D, and E are fat-soluble. Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and are not stored in the body, requiring regular intake through diet.
Q14: Which of the following medications should be taken on an empty stomach?
Levothyroxine should be taken on an empty stomach to ensure optimal absorption. It is typically advised to take it first thing in the morning, at least 30 to 60 minutes before breakfast. Prednisone, methylprednisolone, and metformin are generally taken with food to reduce gastrointestinal side effects.
Q15: Patients taking anticoagulants should use which of the following medications with caution?
Patients taking anticoagulants should use aspirin with caution because aspirin can increase the risk of bleeding. Aspirin inhibits platelet function, which can enhance the anticoagulant effect and potentially lead to excessive bleeding. Montelukast, loratadine, and metformin do not have the same risk of increasing bleeding when used with anticoagulants.
Q16: Olanzapine is the generic name for which of the following medications?
Olanzapine is the generic name for the medication Zyprexa, which is used to treat certain mental/mood conditions such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Q17: Which of the following medications is a potassium supplement?
Klor-Con is a potassium supplement used to prevent or treat low levels of potassium in the blood. Caltrate is a calcium supplement, Folbee is a vitamin B complex supplement, and VP-Zel is a combination of multivitamins and minerals.
Q18: Which of the following is defined as the study of what a drug does to the body?
Pharmacodynamics is defined as the study of what a drug does to the body, including the mechanisms of action, the relationship between drug concentration and effect, and the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs. Pharmacokinetics, on the other hand, is the study of what the body does to a drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Pharmacology is the broader science that includes both pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, and pharmaceutics is the science of preparing and dispensing drugs.
Q19: Warfarin levels can be affected by which of the following foods?
Warfarin levels can be affected by leafy greens. Leafy greens such as spinach, kale, and broccoli are high in vitamin K, which can reduce the effectiveness of warfarin by promoting blood clotting. Patients on warfarin are often advised to maintain a consistent intake of vitamin K to avoid fluctuations in their INR (International Normalized Ratio) levels.
Q20: All but which of the following medications is used topically for the treatment of acne vulgaris?
Isotretinoin is not typically used topically for the treatment of acne vulgaris; it is usually taken orally. The other options—adapalene, salicylic acid, and benzoyl peroxide—are commonly used topical treatments for acne vulgaris.
Q21: A thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test should be performed periodically if a patient is taking which of the following medications?
A thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test should be performed periodically if a patient is taking levothyroxine. Levothyroxine is used to treat hypothyroidism, and monitoring TSH levels helps ensure the correct dosage and effectiveness of the treatment. Montelukast, propranolol, and furosemide do not typically require periodic TSH testing.
Q22: A therapeutically equivalent medication must have the same strength, dosage form, route of administration, and ____________?
A therapeutically equivalent medication must have the same strength, dosage form, route of administration, and active ingredients. Inactive ingredients can differ, and color and size are not criteria for therapeutic equivalence. Therapeutic equivalence ensures that the medication will perform the same way in the body as the original brand-name drug.
Q23: Patients taking a statin should avoid which of the following foods?
Patients taking a statin should avoid grapefruit and grapefruit juice. Grapefruit can interfere with the enzymes that metabolize statins, leading to higher levels of the medication in the blood and increasing the risk of side effects, such as muscle pain or damage. Milk, bananas, and leafy greens do not have this interaction with statins.
Q24: Latanoprost is used for the treatment of which ocular condition?
Latanoprost is used for the treatment of glaucoma. It is a prostaglandin analog that helps reduce intraocular pressure by increasing the outflow of aqueous humor from the eye. It is not used for conjunctivitis, corneal abrasion, or macular degeneration.
Q25: Protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, and nucleoside reverse transcriptase in- hibitors can be used in the treatment of _____________?
Protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors are classes of antiretroviral drugs used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. These medications work by targeting different stages of the HIV life cycle to prevent the virus from replicating and to manage the infection. They are not used for the treatment of influenza, herpes, or hepatitis.
Q26: Ibuprofen is the active ingredient in ______________?
Ibuprofen is the active ingredient in Advil. Aleve contains naproxen, Tylenol contains acetaminophen, and Bufferin contains aspirin.
Q27: Which of the following medications is an example of a beta-blocker?
Carvedilol is an example of a beta-blocker, a class of medications used to manage various cardiovascular conditions by blocking the effects of adrenaline on the heart and blood vessels, which lowers heart rate and blood pressure. Lisinopril is an ACE inhibitor, sertraline is an SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor), and hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic.
Q28: Zoloft is the brand name for which of the following medications?
Zoloft is the brand name for sertraline, which is an SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, and other mental health conditions. Sucralfate is used to treat ulcers, diltiazem is a calcium channel blocker used for hypertension and angina, and benazepril is an ACE inhibitor used for hypertension.
Q29: Amiodarone is indicated for the treatment of which of the following conditions?
Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic medication used to treat and prevent various types of serious heart arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. It is not used for treating angina, hypertension, or ulcerative colitis.
Q30: All but which of the following medications is classified as an antihistamine?
Montelukast is not classified as an antihistamine; it is a leukotriene receptor antagonist used to treat allergies and asthma. Loratadine, chlorpheniramine, and cetirizine are all antihistamines, which are used to relieve allergy symptoms by blocking the action of histamine in the body.
Q31: Zolpidem is indicated for the treatment of which of the following conditions?
Zolpidem is indicated for the treatment of insomnia, a condition characterized by difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. It is a sedative-hypnotic medication that works by affecting certain chemicals in the brain that may be unbalanced in people with sleep problems. Zolpidem is not indicated for the treatment of depression, anxiety, or pain.
Q32: Which of the following medications is classified as a bronchodilato?
Albuterol is a bronchodilator medication used to relieve symptoms of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by relaxing the muscles in the airways and increasing airflow to the lungs. Zafirlukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist used to prevent asthma symptoms, loratadine is an antihistamine used for allergies, and budesonide is a corticosteroid used for asthma and inflammatory conditions.
Q33: Proton pump inhibitors are used to decrease the production of which of the following substances in the body?
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are medications that decrease the production of stomach acid by inhibiting the proton pumps in the stomach lining. This reduction in acid production helps to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease, and other acid-related disorders. PPIs do not affect the production of thyroid hormone, uric acid, or leukotrienes.
Q34: Which of the following medications is classified as a bronchodilato?
All of the antibiotics listed can cause photosensitivity reactions, where exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet (UV) light can result in skin reactions such as rash, redness, or sunburn-like symptoms.
• Ciprofloxacin: Fluoroquinolone antibiotic.
• Sulfamethoxazole: A sulfonamide antibiotic often combined with trimethoprim (TMP-SMX).
• Doxycycline: A tetracycline antibiotic.
These medications can increase sensitivity to sunlight and UV rays, so it's important for patients taking them to use sunscreen and protective clothing to minimize exposure and potential skin reactions.
Q35: Which of the following medications is a rapid-acting insulin?
• Insulin lispro (Humalog) is a rapid-acting insulin that starts to work within 15 minutes of injection, peaks in about 1 hour, and continues to work for 2 to 4 hours.
• Insulin glargine (Lantus) is a long-acting insulin.
• Insulin detemir (Levemir) is also a long-acting insulin.
• Regular insulin (Humulin) is a short-acting insulin, but not as rapid-acting as insulin lispro.
Q36: Which of the following side effects commonly occurs with the use of phenazopyridine?
• Phenazopyridine is a medication used to relieve symptoms caused by irritation of the urinary tract, such as pain, burning, and the feeling of needing to urinate urgently or frequently.
• One of its most common side effects is discoloration of the urine, typically turning it a red or orange color. This side effect is harmless but can be alarming if the patient is not expecting it.
• Insomnia, fluid retention, and constipation are not commonly associated with phenazopyridine.
Q37: Which of the following medications is an H2 receptor antagonist?
• H2 receptor antagonists (also known as H2 blockers) are medications that reduce the amount of acid produced by the cells in the lining of the stomach.
• Cimetidine is an H2 receptor antagonist used to treat conditions like ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
• Omeprazole and lansoprazole are proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which also reduce stomach acid but through a different mechanism.
• Sucralfate is a medication that coats the stomach lining and protects it from acid, but it is not an H2 receptor antagonist.
Q38: Members of the triptan medication class are used for the treatment of ____________?
Triptans are medications specifically used for the treatment of migraine headaches. They work by stimulating serotonin receptors in the brain, which reduces inflammation and constricts blood vessels, thereby relieving migraine symptoms. Triptans are not used for the treatment of epilepsy, hypertension, or GERD.
Q39: Women who are pregnant should avoid the use of which of the following medications?
Women who are pregnant should avoid the use of tetracycline. Tetracycline can affect fetal development, potentially leading to teeth discoloration and inhibited bone growth in the developing baby. Clindamycin, amoxicillin, and penicillin are generally considered safe for use during pregnancy when prescribed by a healthcare provider.
Q40: Fluoxetine is the generic name for which of the following SSRIs?
Fluoxetine is the generic name for Prozac, which is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) commonly used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, and other mental health conditions. Paxil is the brand name for paroxetine, Celexa is the brand name for citalopram, and Lexapro is the brand name for escitalopram.
Q41: Enoxaparin is the generic name for which of the following medications?
Enoxaparin is the generic name for Lovenox, which is a low molecular weight heparin used to prevent and treat deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Heparin is another type of anticoagulant, Arixtra is the brand name for fondaparinux, and Xarelto is the brand name for rivaroxaban.
Q42: All but which of the following is an example of an antiarrhythmic medication?
Antiarrhythmic medications are drugs used to treat abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias). They work by either suppressing abnormal electrical activity in the heart or stabilizing the heart's electrical system. The options provided are:
a. Flecainide - This is an antiarrhythmic medication used to treat certain types of arrhythmias.
b. Quinapril - This is not an antiarrhythmic medication; it is an ACE inhibitor used to treat hypertension and heart failure.
c. Propafenone - This is an antiarrhythmic medication used to treat certain types of arrhythmias.
d. Amiodarone - This is an antiarrhythmic medication used to treat various types of arrhythmias.
Therefore, the correct answer is b. Quinapril, as it is not an antiarrhythmic medication.
Q43: Losartan is the generic name for which of the following ARBs?
Losartan is the generic name for the angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) medication sold under the brand name Cozaar. Losartan works by blocking the action of angiotensin II, a hormone that constricts blood vessels, thereby lowering blood pressure.
b. Avapro - Irbesartan is the generic name for Avapro, not losartan.
c. Benicar - Olmesartan is the generic name for Benicar, not losartan.
d. Micardis - Telmisartan is the generic name for Micardis, not losartan.
Q44: Which of the following medications is the generic name for Lotrel?
Lotrel is a brand name medication that combines two active ingredients: amlodipine (a calcium channel blocker) and benazepril (an ACE inhibitor). Therefore, the generic name for Lotrel is amlodipine-benazepril.
Q45: A patient taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) should avoid foods and beverages that contain ______________?
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) are a type of medication used primarily to treat depression. They work by inhibiting the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which breaks down neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. When a person takes MAOIs, they should avoid foods and beverages containing tyramine. Tyramine is found in aged, fermented, or spoiled foods and beverages such as aged cheeses, cured meats, certain types of beer and wine, and fermented soy products. Consuming tyramine-rich foods while on MAOIs can lead to dangerously high blood pressure levels, known as hypertensive crisis.
Q46: Which of the following medications should be avoided or used with caution in patients who have a sulfa allergy?
Hydrochlorothiazide belongs to a class of medications called thiazide diuretics, which can cross-react with sulfa allergies. Therefore, patients with a sulfa allergy should avoid or use hydrochlorothiazide with caution. Carvedilol (b) and Quinapril (a) do not contain sulfa groups and are generally safe for patients with sulfa allergies.
Q47: Depression can be treated with which of the following classes of medications?
SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) are a class of medications commonly used to treat depression by increasing the levels of serotonin in the brain. Statins (a) are used to lower cholesterol levels, COX-2 inhibitors (b) are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and beta-blockers (d) are used primarily for conditions like hypertension and heart disease, not typically for depression treatment.
Q48: All but which of the following ADHD medications is classified as a stimulant?
Strattera (atomoxetine) is a non-stimulant medication used to treat ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). It works differently from stimulant medications like Vyvanse, Adderall, and Ritalin, which directly stimulate the central nervous system to increase focus and attention. Therefore, Strattera is not classified as a stimulant, making it the correct answer in this context.
Q49: Amlodipine is a member of which drug classification?
Amlodipine belongs to the drug class known as calcium channel blockers (CCBs). These medications work by blocking the influx of calcium ions into smooth muscle cells of the heart and blood vessels, leading to relaxation of the blood vessels and reduced blood pressure. This class of drugs is commonly used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and other cardiovascular conditions.
Q50: Diovan HCT is a combination of which of the following medications?
Diovan HCT is a brand name medication that combines two active ingredients: valsartan, which is an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), and hydrochlorothiazide, which is a diuretic (water pill). Valsartan works by blocking the action of angiotensin II, a hormone that causes blood vessels to constrict, thereby lowering blood pressure. Hydrochlorothiazide helps the kidneys remove excess salt and water from the body, further lowering blood pressure. This combination is used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure).